第一章 绪论1.1研究背景 众所周知，越南盛产大米。而最近一些年来，世

第一章 绪论

1.1研究背景
众所周知，越南盛产大米。而最近一些年来，世界一些国家或地区局部战争或者人口增长等原因而导致对粮食需求量的增加，致使世界粮食价格也相应地增长，这大大地激发了越南人民种植大米的热情，企业也愿意出钱投资大米出口。因此，近些年来，越南政府在保证国内大米足够供给的同时，又将大米出口到世界的一些国家和地区，挣取了大量的外汇收入。
中国依然是越南大米第一进口国。据国家粮油信息中心的消息称，每年越南出口的大米，约70%是出口到中国来的。虽然如此，越南大米出口也面临着严峻的挑战。这挑战一方面来自于越南自身，比如越南大米生产主要依靠家庭式的耕种，生产工艺还比较落后，导致不能大规模高效作业；挑战另一方面则来自于泰国、印度和巴基斯坦等粮食出口国的竞争，他们也定会争取在中国这个粮食大市场上分得一杯羹。因此，越南大米对华出口如何保持着优势，是越南政府要思考的问题。
近几年来，中国的铁路运输得到了很大程度的发展。从普通的列车，到如今时速200公里的动车，中国的铁路发展异常猛烈，现已形成了“五纵七横”的全国铁路交通网络，并且逐步实现客货分线运输。铁路的发展，能够加快全国人口、物料的运输速度，实现朝发夕至，比如，东北大米今天刚收割完，明天即出现在中国南方市场。因此，在中国铁路时代，越南大米既迎来了机遇，也面临着竞争激烈的挑战。
1.2研究目的和意义
国内有不少文章是研究越南大米生产与出口的，但专项研究越南大米对华出口的优劣势、机遇和挑战的文章就很少。越南大米要加大出口，必须得适应中国经济发展的市场需要。因此，文章通过分析越南大米生产与出口的状况后，进一步阐述其出口中国的状况，并重点探讨越南出口中国市场的优势、劣势、机遇和挑战，最后在生产种植、物流运输、国家政策和贸易策略上为越南大米出口中国市场提出建议。总而言之，文章以越南大米出口中国市场的分析为核心，一是为了补全国内理论对这方面研究的不足，二是为越南米商对华出口大米提供参考意见，也为中国商人了解越南大米的生产与出口提供参考资料。

1.3研究内容
文章的研究内容是越南大米对华出口，主要分为以下四大部分：
第一部分是分析越南大米生产与出口的现状，其中，通过对生产区域、生产面积和产量的简单描写去了解越南大米的生产状况；在出口状况上，文章又重点地介绍越南大米出口的破碎率。
第二部分是分析越南大米对华出口的现状。主要是通过图表的方式，去分析近几年来越南大米出口世界和出口中国的产量和金额，从而可以看出中越大米的贸易状况。
第三部分是详细分析越南大米对华出口的优势、劣势、机遇和挑战：优势主要是越南具有优越的自然条件、传统耕种技术和辛勤劳作的风情、出口运输成本低以及越南政府善于颁布促进大米生产与出口的政策；劣势是人均耕地少、大米生产技术低和出口质量不高；机遇是中国-东盟自由贸易区发展的契机、中国对东南亚国家资金的扶持以及中国四通发达的交通网络；威胁是来自泰国等稻米生产国的挑战、越南国内稻米种植面积的减少等。这一部分是文章的重点。
第四部分是对越南大米出口中国市场提出策略意见。在生产上要种植优良品种，降低大米的破碎率；在物流运输上，政府要加强建设国内高速公路和铁路，企业要建立现代物流仓储等；在贸易政策和贸易策略上，越南政府要加强对大米出口企业的扶持力度，并利用产品、价格等策略提高大米出口量等。
1.4研究方法
文章是通过文献研究法和定量研究与定性研究相结合的方法来进行的。描写越南大米生产与出口的文献较多，文章在充分阅读这些文献的基础上，通过定量研究和定性研究，点出越南大米在新时期下生产与出口的现状，分析越南大米对华出口的状况，最后提出策略建议。






第二章 越南大米的生产和出口现状

2.1越南大米的生产现状
在生产区域上，越南大米的生产主要集中在红河平原和湄公河平原，两者都是经河流冲积而成，土壤肥沃，水灌溉丰富。其中，湄公河平原被誉为“越南粮仓”，是东南亚三大“米仓”之一，稻米产量占越南稻米总产量的一半多。红河平原被视为越南水稻重点产区，种植历史悠久，除了优越的自然条件外，又得以首都河内为中心的带动，确实是占尽天时地利的优势。
在种植面积上，2008年，越南水稻种植面积约为700万公顷，2009年则增加了20公顷 。至2014年，越南稻米种植面积为780万公顷，较2013年下滑了1.3% 。总的来说，近几年越南年平均水稻种植面积约为750万公顷。之所以在这个范围内变动，是越南政府为了调节品种结构，提高农产品的质量、收益和竞争力。未来越南人口会不断增加，城市化进程会加快以及海平面上升，越南水稻种植面积必然会减少。据越南某官员称，2030年越南水稻种植面积将维持380万公顷，以保证国家的粮食安全。或许到那个时候，大米与猪肉的价格就相持平了。
在产量上，如表2.1所示，从2008年至2013年，越南水稻的单产和产量都逐年提高。其中，单产从2008年的5.22万吨∕公顷升至2013年的5.74万吨∕公顷，年产量从2008年的3863万吨升至4510万吨。这样的增长成绩离不开越南政府实施的一些有利于大米生产的措施，比如，研究更高产、更优质的大米品种，政府鼓励农民种粮等等。
表2.1 2008年-2013年，越南大米单产、产量和出口量的情况表
年度 单产（万吨∕公顷） 产量（万吨） 出口量（万吨）
2008 5.22 3863 483
2009 5.24 3900 605
2010 5.32 4000 675
2011 5.5 4200 710
2012 5.65 4370 772
2013 5.74 4510 675
数据来源：越南统计局与粮食协会
2.2越南大米的出口现状
近年来，越南政府不断引进稻米生产的优质高产技术，不断落实惠民措施，不断提高大米的产量和出口量，巩固和提高越南大米在世界粮食市场的出口份额。根据表2.1所示，2008年至2012年，越南大米的出口量逐年提高，从483万吨升至772万吨，2013年稍有回落，降至675万吨。因此，总体上看，越南大米出口在这些年还是保持利好的，越南政府也不断鼓励企业出口大米，争取更多外汇收入。
越南出口大米的质量不断提高。其中，评估大米质量最重要的因素就是破碎率。1990年之前，越南质量最好的大米的破碎率为5%，出口所占比例仅为0.3%，到了2011年，破碎率5%的大米，占了出口总额的24.66%，15%-20%破碎率大米所占比率为63.03%，剩下的就是25%破碎率的大米。到了2012年，优质大米出口比例增长到了45.37%，并且于此年出口量首超泰国，成为世界第一大米出口国。但泰国大米因价格较高，仍然保持出口金额第一的地位（2012年10月，泰国5%破碎率的大米FOB出口价为570美元∕吨，而越南大米为490美元∕吨）。从表2.1可以看出，2013年，越南大米的的单产和产量都有所提高，但出口量却减少了，根据中商情报网，可把原因归结为越南大米的出口面临着泰国、印度、巴基斯坦和缅甸等主力出口市场的竞争，从而使得出口产量减少。因此，越南政府正在计划开拓市场以扩大出口。

第三章 越南大米对华出口的现状

中国拥有13多亿人口，是世界上人口数量最多的国家，而且中国的饮食习惯是以稻米为主的，因此，数量如此膨大的国家，每年必要消费大量的稻米。除了国内生产之外，中国的稻米有很大一部分是从国外进口的，尤其是从越南进口，原因一方面是越南离中国地理位置较近，有利于节约大米的运输成本；另一方面，越南是大米生产国，大米的价格比较优惠，中国大规模进口就能节约很多钱。至于近几年来越南对中国出口了多少数量，多少金额的大米，下面则通过表格数据去分析说明。
表3.1是越南大米出口中国和世界的数量表。通过表格可以看出，2008年，越南向中国输出了35万吨的大米，2009年，越南向中国输出了42万吨的大米，2010年为81吨，2011年突破三位数，达到127万吨，直至升到2013年的228万吨。在所占比例上，2008年，越南向中国出口大米的数量占了向世界出口量即总出口量的7%，2009年也为7%，之后比例逐渐呈现增高趋势，从2010年的12%升至2013年的34%。由此可以看出，近几年中，越南向中国出口大米的数量在不断增大，所占总出口量的比例也不断增大，中国已经成为越南重要的大米出口国。
表3.1 越南大米出口中国和世界的数量表
年份 中国（万吨） 世界（万吨） 占比（%）
2008 35 483 7
2009 42 605 7
2010 81 675 12
2011 127 710 18
2012 182 772 24
2013 228 675 34
数据来源：http://m.baomoi.com
表3.2是越南大米出口中国和世界的金额表。由表格可知，越南大米出口中国的金额从2008年的14万美元一直增大至2013年的94万美元，在六年时间里，翻了约7倍；所占总出口额的比例，从2006年的6.33%逐渐增大至2013年的30.9%。越南大米出口中国的数量在增大，出口金额也相应地增大，从某个侧面也可以看出，中国进口越南大米，为越南创造了大量的外汇收入。
表3.2 越南大米出口中国和世界的金额表
年份 中国（万$） 世界（万$） 占比（%）
2008 14 221 6.33
2009 21 246 8.21
2010 34 298 11.35
2011 62 324 19.24
2012 90 375 24.12
2013 94 305 30.93
数据来源：http://m.baomoi.com

第四章 越南大米对华出口的SOWT分析

4.1优势分析
第一，优越的自然条件。越南国土面积约为33万平方公里，其中水稻种植总面积约为74000平方公里，约占国土面积的22%，在世界排名60位。越南拥有红河和湄公河两大水系，以及全国大小支流约一千条，水灌溉资源相当丰富。并且，河流冲积形成的淤积区域土壤肥沃，含有大量有机腐殖质，能够补充水稻对营养的需要。另外，越南位于热带地区，属于热带季风气候区，夏天高温多雨，全年日照量充足，北部地区一年可种植两次水稻，而南部地区则可种植三次，这也是为什么越南大米高产的重要原因。
第二，传统耕种技术和辛勤劳作的风情。越南是一个传统农业国家，有70%的农业家庭是以大米种植为主的。越南农民经过常年累月地种植水稻，已经熟练地掌握了水稻的精耕细作技术，并且世代相传，把传统农耕文化源源不断地流传下去。另外，越南人民，尤其是越南妇女，非常辛勤劳作，日出而作，日落而息，即使在越南工业蓬勃发展的今天，人民也没有放弃自家田地的耕种，依然到工厂上班，依然到农田劳作。正是农民的勤劳才换来了每年几千万吨产量的大米，在满足国内需要的基础上，输出到世界各地区去。
第三，越南大米出口运输成本低。众所周知，在所有交通运输中，海上运输的成本是最低的。越南大部分大米出口至中国，都是通过海上运输完成的。越南拥有红河、湄公河两大水系，以及大小支流一千多条，且大多数自北向南流淌，水量丰富。越南大米可借助这些河流，直接进入广西和海南省，进而通过铁路和陆路，运输到中国各地。越南优越的地理位置和国内丰富的水系，使大米运输到中国市场的成本降至最低，这是泰国、印度、老挝和柬埔寨等稻米出口国无可比拟的优势。
第四，越南政府善于颁布一系列促进大米生产与出口的政策。近些年，越南政府颁布了多项有利于农业生产政策，如优先研究，筛选具有高产、高质的水稻种类，杂交水稻的引进和生产，就是越南稻米单位产量大幅度提高的最重要的因素，在相同的栽培条件下，相对于常规水稻，杂交水稻的单产要高出1-1.5吨/公顷，高者会达到2吨/公顷。未来越南农业部会更注重杂交水稻的研究、培育与种植。另外，就是实施对出口大米企业有利的措施，诸如贷款降息，出口降税等等。据生意社2014年5月的资讯称，越南政府正在考虑取消大米最低出口价格，由出口商自行制定价格，而不是根据越南食品协会制定的底价出口大米，从中可以看出越南政府积极扶持出口大米企业的发展。
4.2劣势分析
第一，人均耕地少，越南水稻种植面积虽然在世界排名第60位，但是全国人口达8300多万，因此人均耕地只有500平方米/人，是世界人均耕地占地最少的国家之一。另外，随着对红河三角洲和湄公河三角洲的多年开发种植，很多地方已经出现诸如土地盐碱化和水土流失等现象，而后期治理和维护的力度不够，导致大米单产降低。除此之外，越南的自主科学研发技术较薄弱，很多农药制品主要是依靠进口，价格较高，因此，一旦稻米遭受大面积的病虫侵害，必然得花去一笔施救费，这将会导致大米的市场价格提高，进而使得出口困难。
第二，农业技术较低。一方面表现在对杂交水稻种子的研究上。虽然越南政府自主研究杂交水稻已有十多年历史，但大部分还处于一个试验的阶段，因此相对于中美两个大国来过，越南的杂交水稻技术

Kết quả (Anh) 1:

The first chapter1.1 background As we all know, Viet Nam is rich in rice. In recent years, some countries or regions of the world wars or reasons such as population growth and lead to increased demand for food, resulting in world food prices have also increased accordingly, which greatly inspired the Viet Nam people's enthusiasm for planting rice, companies would pay to invest in rice exports. Therefore, in recent years, the Viet Nam Government at the same time ensure enough supply of rice, and rice exports to some countries and regions of the world, earn a lot of foreign exchange earnings.China remains the Viet Nam rice the first importer. According to the State grain and oil Information Center reported that year Viet Nam exports of rice, to come to China is about 70%. Even so, Viet Nam rice export also faces serious challenges. This challenge comes from Viet Nam itself, such as Viet Nam rice production mainly rely on family farming, production technology is still relatively backward, resulted in a large and efficient job; challenges on the one hand from Thailand, and India and Pakistan of food-exporting countries, such as competition, they will fight in the food market are fighting for a piece of the action. Therefore, Viet Nam rice exports to China how to maintain his advantage, is Viet Nam issues that the Government should consider.In recent years, China's railway transportation has been largely developed. From ordinary trains to 200 km/h train, China's railway development in violent, has now formed a "five vertical and seven horizontal" national rail network, and the progressive realization of transport of passenger and freight line. Railway development, to speed up the country's population, material transport speed, achieving said, for example, Northeast rice just finished harvesting today, tomorrow, in the South China market. Therefore, the railway age in China, Viet Nam rice as well as opportunities, also faces the challenge of competition.1.2 study purpose and meaningInternally there are a lot of articles are research Viet Nam rice production and export, but special research Viet Nam rice exports to China's strengths, weakness, opportunities and challenges, the article will be less. Viet Nam to increase exports of rice, must be adapted to the economic development of China's market needs. Therefore, by analyzing the Viet Nam rice production and export situation, further explains the export situation of China, and focuses on Viet Nam export strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and challenges of the Chinese market, finally, production and cultivation, transportation, national policies and trade policies to Viet Nam rice export advice to the Chinese market. In short, article with Viet Nam for rice exports to the Chinese market analysis at its core, is designed to complement the national lack of theoretical research in this area, and the other is for Viet Nam rice dealer on rice exports to China to provide advice, as well as Chinese businessmen about Viet Nam provides resources for the production and export of rice.1.3 contentsContent of the article is Viet Nam rice exports to China, mainly divided into the following four parts:The first part is the analysis of Viet Nam rice production and export situation, which, through the production area, production area and production of simple descriptions to learn about Viet Nam rice production situation in terms of exports, the paper also focused on Viet Nam rice exports of the breakage.Second part is the analysis of Viet Nam rice exports to China of the status quo. Primarily by way of charts to analyze in recent years Viet Nam rice yield and value of exports to China and the world, which can be seen in the rice trade.Third part is detailed analysis Viet Nam rice on China export of advantage, and disadvantage, and opportunities and challenge: advantage main is Viet Nam has superior of natural conditions, and traditional farming technology and hard worked of style, and export transport cost low and Viet Nam Government at issued promoting rice production and export of policy; disadvantage is per capita arable land less, and rice production technology low and export quality not high; opportunities is China-ASEAN FTA development of opportunity, and China on Southeast Asia national funds of support and China four pass developed of traffic network ; Threats from Thailand challenges of rice-producing countries, such as Viet Nam domestic rice acreage reduction and so on. This section is the focus of the article.Part of Viet Nam rice export policy to the Chinese market. In production to plant varieties, reducing broken rice rate in terms of logistics and transport, the Government should strengthen the construction of national highways and railways, and enterprises to establish modern logistics, warehousing, etc; on trade policy and trade strategy, the Viet Nam Government to step up support for rice exporters, and using the product, pricing and other tactics to improve the export of rice and so on.1.4 research methodsArticle is through literature research and quantitative research and qualitative research methods. Description of Viet Nam rice production and export of documents more fully read the article based on these documents, through quantitative and qualitative research to point out what Viet Nam rice production and export situation in the new period, analysis of Viet Nam rice exports to China, concludes with policy recommendations.Chapter II Viet Nam rice production and export situation2.1 Viet Nam rice production situationIn the production area, Viet Nam rice production was concentrated in the Red River Delta and the Mekong River Plains, both of which are formed by the alluvial rivers, fertile soil and abundant water irrigation. Among them, the Mekong River plain known as the "Viet Nam granary", is Southeast Asia's third largest "rice", one of the rice production per cent of Viet Nam's rice production by more than half. Red River Delta were regarded as Viet Nam key producing areas of rice, a long history of cultivation, in addition to the favourable natural conditions, to the capital Hanoi as the Center, led is indeed well-placed advantage.In terms of acreage in 2008, Viet Nam rice cultivation area of about 7 million hectares in 2009 increased by 20 hectares. By 2014, Viet Nam rice-growing area of 7.8 million hectares in 2013, representing a fallen 1.3%. Generally speaking, in recent years, Viet Nam the annual average area of approximately 7.5 million hectares of rice-growing. Is within this range, is the Viet Nam Government to adjust the product mix, improving the quality, profitability and competitiveness of agricultural products. The next Viet Nam population will continue to increase, will speed up the process of urbanization, as well as sea-level rise, Viet Nam rice planting area must be reduced. According to Viet Nam, officials say 2030 Viet Nam rice planting area will maintain the 3.8 million hectares, in order to ensure the food security of the country. Maybe by that time, rice and pork prices are flat locked in a stalemate.In terms of production, as shown in table 2.1, from 2008 to 2013, the Viet Nam rice yield and yield increase year by year. Among them, the yield rose from 2008 52,200 tons per hectare in 2013 to 57,400 tons per hectare, the annual output from 38.63 million tonnes in 2008, rising to 45.1 million tons. This growth is inseparable from Viet Nam Government to implement some of the measures in favour of rice production, for example, research more productive, higher-quality rice varieties, the Government encouraged farmers to grow food, and so on.Table 2.1 2008-2013, the Viet Nam rice yield, production and exports of tableAnnual yield (tons/HA) production (million tonnes), exports (tons)2008-5.22 3863 4832009 5.24 3900 6052010 5.32 4000 6752011 5.5 4200 7102012 5.65 4370 7722013 5.74 4510 675 Data source: Viet Nam Bureau and food Association2.2 Viet Nam rice export situationIn recent years, the Viet Nam Government continue to introduce high quality and high yield of rice production technology, continuously implementing waste management measures, increasing rice production and exports, consolidating and improving Viet Nam rice in the share of exports in the world market. As shown in table 2.1, from 2008 to 2012, Viet Nam rice exports increase year by year, rose to 7.72 million tons from 4.83 million tonnes in 2013, going down a little bit, to 6.75 million tons. Therefore, on the whole, Viet Nam rice exports remains positive over the years, Viet Nam Government has been encouraging companies to export rice to enlist more foreign exchange earnings.Viet Nam continuously improve the quality of export rice. Among them, the evaluation of rice quality is the most important factor is the broken rate. Prior to 1990, Viet Nam of broken rice rate of 5% of the best quality, only 0.3% per cent export, by the year 2011, broken rate of 5% of rice, rice exports accounted for 24.66%,15%-20% of the total breakage percentage is 63.03%, what remains is the 25% rate of rice. By the year 2012, growing quality rice export to 45.37%, and the annual export volume of over Thailand, as the world's top rice exporter. But Thailand due to higher prices of rice, still maintain exports first place (October 2012, Thailand 5% broken rate of rice FOB export price of us $ 570/territory tons, Viet Nam rice us $ 490/territory tons). Can be seen from table 2.1, in 2013, the Viet Nam rice yields and an increase in production, but the export volume has dropped, according to the business intelligence network, can be attributed to Viet Nam rice exports facing Thailand, and India, Pakistan and Burma, the main competition in the export market, thus making exports reduced output. Therefore, the Viet Nam Government is planning to open up the market in order to expand exports.Chapter III Viet Nam rice exports to China's situationChina has more than 1.3 billion people, is the country with the largest population in the world, and its diet is dominated by rice, so such a swelling number of countries need to consume a lot of rice every year. In addition to domestic production, a significant portion of China's rice was imported from abroad, especially from Viet Nam imports because one is Viet Nam from China geographically closer, rice helps to save shipping costs on the other, Viet Nam rice producer, more favorable price for rice, China's massive imports can save a lot of money. In recent years, Viet Nam to China's export volume, amount of rice, by tabular data to analyze the instructions below.Table 3.1 is a Viet Nam rice exports to China and the world's scale. Through the table we can see that, in 2008, the Viet Nam exported 350,000 tons of rice to China in 2009, Viet Nam exported 420,000 tons of rice to China, 2010 81 tons, 2011 break triple digits to reach 1.27 million tons, up 2.28 million tonnes by 2013. In terms of percentage, in 2008, the Viet Nam rice exports to China total exports total exports of 7% to the world, 2009 was 7%, then gradually on an increasing trend, rising from 12% in 2010 to 2013 34%. Thus it can be seen, in recent years, Viet Nam rice exports to China is increasing the number of, as a proportion of total exports also increased, China has become the Viet Nam important rice exporter. Table 3.1 Viet Nam rice exports to China and the world, scaleVintage China (tons) World (tons) percentage (%)2008 35 483 72009-42-605-72010 81 675 122011 127 710 182012 182 772 242013 228 675 34 Source: http://m.baomoi.com Table 3.2 provides a Viet Nam rice export amount of China and world tables. The tables show that, Viet Nam rice exports to China since 2008 in the amount of $ 140,000 has been increased to us $ 940,000 in 2013, in six years, and turned it about 7 times; as a proportion of total exports, increased from 6.33% in 2006 to 30.9% 2013. Viet Nam rice exports to China in the number of increases, exports also increased, from one side, can also be seen, China imports Viet Nam rice, Viet Nam has created a large number of foreign exchange earnings.Table 3.2 Viet Nam rice export amount table for China and the worldVintage China (million $) World (million $) proportion (%)2008 14 221 6.332009 21 246 8.212010 34 298 11.352011 62 324 19.242012 90 375 24.122013 94 305 30.93 Source: http://m.baomoi.comFourth chapter Viet Nam rice exports to China by SOWT analysis4.1 advantages ofFirst, the favorable natural conditions. Viet Nam land area of about 330,000 square kilometers, of which about 74000 square kilometers of the total area planted in rice, accounting for 22% of the country, ranked 60 in the world. Viet Nam has two Red River and the Mekong River system, as well as the small tributaries about 1000 articles, quite rich in water resources. Also, formed by fluvial sedimentation area fertile soil contains a lot of organic humus to complement nutritional needs by rice. In addition, Viet Nam is located in the tropics, has a tropical monsoon climate zone, hot and rainy summer, plenty of sunshine all year round, rice can be grown twice a year in the North, while the southern region can grow three times, which is why Viet Nam rice yield of important reasons.Second, the traditional farming techniques and hard work style. Viet Nam is a traditional agricultural country, has 70% of farm families is predominantly rice-growing. Viet Nam farmers plant rice year after year, has mastered the rice precision farming technologies, and from generation to generation, poured down the traditional farming culture. In addition, Viet Nam peoples, especially Viet Nam Women, very hard work, at sunrise, we get up early and goes to bed with the Sun, even in Viet Nam industry flourish today, people have not given up their cultivation of fields, continues to work in factories, and continued to farm work. It was farmer's diligence in Exchange for tens of millions of tonnes of rice each year to meet domestic needs on the basis of the output go to the various parts of the world.Third, Viet Nam rice export transportation costs low. It is well known that in all transportation, shipping costs are lowest. Viet Nam most rice exports to China, is done through maritime transport. Viet Nam has the red, the two major river systems of the Mekong River, and river more than 1000 articles, and most of the flows from the North to the South, and generous. Viet Nam rice can make use of these rivers and go directly to Guangxi and Hainan provinces, then by rail and road transport to all parts of China. Viet Nam excellent location and a wealth of domestic water systems, minimizes the cost of transporting rice to the Chinese market, this is Thailand, and India, Laos, and Cambodia's rice exporters such as an unparalleled advantage.Finally, Viet Nam at the Government promulgated a series of policies to boost rice production and export. In recent years, Viet Nam Government issued has more items conducive to agricultural production policy, as priority research, filter has high yield, and high mass of rice species, hybrid rice of introduction and production, is Viet Nam rice units production substantially improve of most important of factors, in same of cultivation conditions Xia, relative Yu general rice, hybrid rice of yields to high out 1-1.5 tons/hectares, high who will reached 2 tons/hectares. Future Viet Nam Ministry of agriculture will focus more on research, breeding and cultivation of hybrid rice. In addition, implement measures favorable to export rice enterprises, such as loan interest rate cuts, export tax reduction, and so on. According to business information May 2014, Viet Nam Government is considering abolishing the minimum export price of rice from exporters set prices on their own, rather than under the Viet Nam Association of food reserve price of exported rice, where you can see the Viet Nam Government actively support the development of export rice business.4.2劣势分析第一，人均耕地少，越南水稻种植面积虽然在世界排名第60位，但是全国人口达8300多万，因此人均耕地只有500平方米/人，是世界人均耕地占地最少的国家之一。另外，随着对红河三角洲和湄公河三角洲的多年开发种植，很多地方已经出现诸如土地盐碱化和水土流失等现象，而后期治理和维护的力度不够，导致大米单产降低。除此之外，越南的自主科学研发技术较薄弱，很多农药制品主要是依靠进口，价格较高，因此，一旦稻米遭受大面积的病虫侵害，必然得花去一笔施救费，这将会导致大米的市场价格提高，进而使得出口困难。第二，农业技术较低。一方面表现在对杂交水稻种子的研究上。虽然越南政府自主研究杂交水稻已有十多年历史，但大部分还处于一个试验的阶段，因此相对于中美两个大国来过，越南的杂交水稻技术

Kết quả (Anh) 2:

The first chapter is the introduction 1.1 Background As we all know, Vietnam is rich in rice. And some recent years, some countries or regions of the world population growth, local wars or other reasons which led to increased demand for food, resulting in world food prices increase accordingly, which greatly stimulated the enthusiasm of the Vietnamese people planting rice, companies are willing to money investment rice exports. Thus, in recent years, the Vietnamese government to ensure sufficient domestic supply of rice at the same time, turn rice exports to some countries and regions in the world, earn a lot of foreign exchange earnings. China is still the first importer of Vietnamese rice. According to the National Grain and Oil Information Center said the annual export of rice in Vietnam, about 70% of exports to China. Nevertheless, Vietnam's rice exports are also facing severe challenges. This challenge one hand from the Vietnam itself, such as Vietnam's rice production is mainly rely on family farming, the production process is still relatively backward, resulted in large-scale and efficient operations; the other hand, the challenge comes from Thailand, India and Pakistan and other food-exporting countries competition, they will certainly fight for a slice of the food in the Chinese market. So how Vietnamese rice exports to China to hold an advantage, the Vietnamese government to think about. In recent years, China's railway transportation has been a great degree of development. From ordinary trains to 200 kilometers per hour now moving car, China's railway development abnormal violent, has formed a "five vertical and seven horizontal" national railway transportation network, and the progressive realization of passenger and freight transport sub-lines. Railway development, to accelerate the country's population, the material transport speed to achieve Zhaofaxizhi, for example, we have just finished harvesting northeast of rice today, tomorrow, appeared in southern China market. Therefore, in China's railway era, ushered in opportunities both Vietnamese rice, is also facing fierce competition challenges. 1.2 purpose and significance of the article is to study a lot of domestic rice production and export of Vietnam, but Vietnam's rice exports to China special research strengths and weaknesses, opportunities and challenges of articles rarely. Vietnam to increase rice exports, we have to adapt to the market needs of China's economic development. Therefore, the paper after analyzing Vietnam's rice production and export situation, and further elaborate its exports to China's situation, and focus on Vietnam export advantage of the Chinese market, weaknesses, opportunities and challenges in the production of the final planting, logistics and transport, national policy and trade Policy on proposals for Vietnam's rice exports to China market. All in all, the article analyzes Vietnam's rice export Chinese market as the core, first, to make the country less than in the theoretical research in this area, the second is to provide reference for the Central and South quotient rice exports to China, but also for Chinese businessmen to understand Vietnam rice production and export of reference. 1.3 contents of the article contents Vietnamese rice exports to China, mainly divided into the following four parts: The first part is the Current Situation Vietnam's rice production and exports, which, through the production area, production area and yields a simple description to understand Vietnam's rice production conditions; on the export situation, and the focus of the article introduces Vietnam's rice exports broken rate. The second part is to analyze the current situation of Vietnam's rice exports to China. Mainly by way of charts, to analyze Vietnam's rice exports in the world and in recent years China's production and export amount, which can be seen in the rice trade situation. The third part is a detailed analysis of the advantages of Vietnam's rice exports to China, weaknesses, opportunities and challenges: the main advantages of Vietnam has superior natural conditions, traditional farming techniques and hard work style, low transportation costs and export Vietnamese government promulgated promote good rice production and export policies; the disadvantage is that the per capita arable land, rice production and export of low technology and quality is not high; the opportunity is China - ASEAN Free Trade Area of the opportunity of development, China's support for the Southeast Asian countries and China's capital Stone developed transportation network; the threat of a challenge from the rice-producing countries such as Thailand, Vietnam rice acreage reduction and so on. This part is the focus of the article. The fourth part is to propose policy views on Vietnam's rice exports to China market. In the production of improved varieties to plant, reducing rice broken rate; in the logistics and transport, the government should strengthen the construction of highways and railways domestic enterprises to establish a modern logistics and warehousing; on trade policy and trade policy, the Vietnamese government to strengthen the efforts to support the rice export business, and use of product, price and other strategies to improve rice export amount. 1.4 Research Methods article by literature research and quantitative research and qualitative research method of combining carried out. Description of Vietnamese rice production and export of more literature, read the article in full on the basis of these documents, through quantitative and qualitative research, to point out the status of Vietnam's rice production and exports in the new period, the analysis of the situation of Vietnamese rice exports to China Finally, put forward policy recommendations. Chapter II Production and Export in Vietnam's rice production 2.1 Situation of Vietnamese rice production in the region, Vietnam's rice production is mainly concentrated in the Red River and Mekong River plain, both by river alluvial, fertile soil, abundant water for irrigation . Among them, the Mekong River plains known as the "granary of Vietnam," is one of the three "rice granary" in Southeast Asia, rice production accounts for more than half of Vietnam's rice output. Red River is regarded as the focus of Vietnamese rice producing areas, planting a long history, in addition to favorable natural conditions, they can be driven to the center of the capital, Hanoi, is indeed a big advantage right place. On the acreage, in 2008, Vietnam rice cultivation area of about 7 million hectares in 2009, has increased by 20 hectares. 2014, Vietnamese rice planting area of 7.8 million hectares, compared with 2013 fell by 1.3%. Overall, in recent years, Vietnam's average annual rice planting area of about 7.5 million hectares. The reason why change in this range, the Vietnamese government in order to adjust the product mix, improve the quality of agricultural products, income and competitiveness. Vietnam's population will continue to increase in the future, the city will speed up the process as well as rising sea levels, Vietnamese rice acreage is bound to decrease. According to an official in Vietnam said that Vietnam's rice cultivation area in 2030 to maintain the 3.8 million hectares, in order to ensure national food security. Perhaps by that time, the price of rice and pork on the relative flat out. On output, as shown in Table 2.1, from 2008 to 2013, Vietnam's rice yield and production are increasing year by year. Among them, the yields from 2008 5.22 tons / hectare in 2013 rose to 5.74 million tons / ha, the annual output of 38.63 million tons from 2008 rose to 45.1 million tons. This growth performance measures inseparable from the Vietnamese government to implement in favor of the production of rice, for example, research more productive, better quality rice varieties, the government encouraged farmers to grow grain, and so on. Table 2.1 2008 --2013, the Vietnamese rice yields, production and exports of Fact Sheet annual yield (tons / ha) Production (tonnes) Export (tonnes) 2008 5.22 3,863,483 3,900,605 5.24 2009 4,000,675 5.32 2010 2011 5.5 4200 7.1 2012 5.65 4370 772 5.74 2013 4,510,675 Source: Statistical Office of Vietnam Food Association 2.2 Situation of Vietnamese rice exports in recent years, the Vietnamese government continued to introduce high-yielding rice production technology, continuous implementation of Huimin measures to continuously improve rice production and exports, to consolidate and improve Vietnam's rice export share in world grain markets. According to Table 2.1, from 2008 to 2012, Vietnam's rice export volume increased year by year, rose to 7.72 million tons from 4.83 million tons in 2013 fell slightly, down 6.75 million tons. So, overall, Vietnam's rice exports in those years or remain favorable, the Vietnamese government continues to encourage enterprises to export rice to attract more foreign exchange earnings. Quality Vietnamese rice exports continues to increase. Among them, assess the most important factor is the quality of rice broken rate. Prior to 1990, Vietnam's best quality 5% broken rice, export proportion was only 0.3%, to 2011, 5% broken rice, accounting for 24.66 percent of total exports, 15% -20% broken rice percentage rate of 63.03%, and the remaining 25% is broken rate of rice. By 2012, the proportion of high-quality rice exports increased to 45.37%, and in this first annual export volume over Thailand as the world's first rice exporter. But Thai rice due to higher prices, remained the export value of the first position (in October 2012, rice FOB export price of Thai 5 percent broken rate is $ 570 / ton, while Vietnamese rice at $ 490 / ton). As can be seen from Table 2.1, in 2013, yield and production of rice in Vietnam has increased, but exports are reduced, according to Business reported net can be attributed facing Vietnamese rice for export in Thailand, India, Competition Pakistan and Myanmar's main export markets, making exports reduced yields. Therefore, the Vietnamese government is planning to open up markets in order to expand exports. Situation Chapter Vietnamese rice exports to China China has 1.3 billion people, is the world's largest population of the State, but also China's rice-based diet is, therefore, the number of countries so swollen, consuming large quantities required annually rice. In addition to domestic production, a large part of China's rice is imported from abroad, especially the one hand, imports from Vietnam, because Vietnam from China that is geographically closer, help save transportation cost of rice; on the other hand, Vietnam rice-producing countries, the price of rice more favorable, large-scale imports of Chinese will be able to save a lot of money. As in recent years, Vietnam's exports to China what quantity, how much amount of rice, the following table of data to analyze through the instructions. Table 3.1 is Vietnam's rice exports to China and the world the number of tables. As can be seen by the table, in 2008, Vietnam's export to China of 350,000 tons of rice in 2009, Vietnam's export to China of 420,000 tons of rice in 2010 to 81 tons in 2011 to break triple digits, reaching 1.27 million tons until 2013 rose 228 tons. The proportion in 2008, Vietnam's rice exports to China accounted for 7% of the number of exports to the world that is the total export volume in 2009 for 7 percent, after the proportion gradually showing increasing trend, from 12% in 2010 It rose 34% in 2013. It can be seen, in recent years, the number of Vietnamese rice exports to China continued to increase, the proportion of total exports has continued to grow, China has become Vietnam's major rice exporter. Table 3.1 Vietnam's rice exports to China and the world the number of tables Year China (10,000 tons) of the world (tonnes) Percentage (%) 2,008,354,837 2,009,426,057 20,108,167,512 201,112,771,018 201,218,277,224 2,013,228,675 34 Source: http: //m.baomoi.com Table 3.2 is Vietnam's rice exports to China and the world the amount of tables. Seen from the table, the amount of Vietnamese rice exports to China from $ 140,000 in 2008 has been increased to $ 940,000 in 2013. In six years, turned about 7 times; the proportion of total exports from 2006 increases of 6.33 percent in 2013 to 30.9%. Vietnamese rice exports to China increased the number of export value increased accordingly, can also be seen from a side, China's imports of Vietnamese rice, created a lot of foreign exchange earnings for the Vietnamese. Table 3.2 Vietnam's rice exports to China and the world the amount of table Year China ($ million) World ($ million) Percentage (%) 200,814,221 6.33 200,921,246 8.21 201,034,298 11.35 201,162,324 19.24 201,290,375 24.12 201,394,305 30.93 Source: http: //m.baomoi.com chapter Vietnam's rice exports to China SOWT analysis 4.1 Advantages of the first, superior natural conditions. Vietnam land area of about 330,000 square kilometers, of which total rice cultivation area of about 74,000 square kilometers, accounting for about 22% of the land area, 60 in the world ranking. Red River and the Mekong in Vietnam has two major river systems, as well as the country of about one thousand tributaries, water irrigation resources are abundant. And, siltation regional fluvial fertile soil, rich in organic humus, Rice needs to replenish nutrients. In addition, Vietnam is located in the tropics, a tropical monsoon climate, hot and rainy summer, ample amount of sunlight throughout the year, the northern region twice a year for planting rice, while the southern region can be planted three times, and this is an important reason why the Vietnamese rice yield. Second, the traditional farming techniques and hard-working style. Vietnam is a traditional agricultural country, 70% of agricultural households is mainly rice planting. Vietnamese farmers planting rice after year after year, has mastered the rice intensive technology, and from generation to generation, the traditional farming culture handed down an endless stream. In addition, the Vietnamese people, especially Vietnamese women, very hard work, sunrise and sunset, even in today's booming industry in Vietnam, the people did not give up their own farming land, the factories still work, still to farm labor . It is only in exchange for hard-working farmers thousands of tons of annual production of rice to meet domestic needs, based on the output to the various regions of the world go by. Third, Vietnam's rice exports low transportation costs. As we all know, in all transportation, the cost of maritime transport is the lowest. Most of Vietnam's rice exports to China are transported by sea to complete. Vietnam has the Red River, the Mekong River two major river systems, as well as more than a thousand tributaries, flowing from north to south and most abundant water. Vietnamese rice can make use of these rivers directly into Guangxi and Hainan provinces, and then by rail and road transport to the rest of China. Vietnam's prime location and abundant domestic water system, so that the rice shipped to minimize the cost of the Chinese market, which is Thailand, India, Laos and Cambodia rice exporters unparalleled advantage. Fourth, good Vietnamese government promulgated a series of policies to promote rice production and exports. The most important factor in recent years, the Vietnamese government issued a number of policies conducive to agricultural production, such as priority research, screening introduction and production of high-yield, high-quality rice species, hybrid rice, Vietnamese rice per unit of production is greatly increased under the same cultivation conditions, relative to conventional rice and hybrid rice yields to be higher than 1-1.5 tonnes / ha, the higher it will reach 2 t / ha. Vietnam's Ministry of Agriculture will pay more attention to the future of hybrid rice research, cultivation and planting. Another is the implementation of the rice export business enabling measures such as lending interest rates, tax cuts and so on exports. According to the business community in May 2014 of the information that the Vietnamese government is considering canceling the minimum export price of rice, the exporters set prices on their own, rather than according to the Vietnam Food Association export of rice to develop the reserve price, it can be seen from the Vietnamese government to actively support the export of rice the development of enterprises. 4.2 Disadvantages of the first, the per capita arable land, Vietnamese rice planting area, although ranked No. 60 in the world, but more than one million of the population of 8,300, so the per capita cultivated land is only 500 square meters / person, is the world's per capita arable land area of the countries least One. In addition, as of the Red River Delta and the Mekong Delta for many years to develop planting, a lot of places, there are phenomena such as land salinization and soil erosion, and post-treatment and inadequate maintenance, resulting in lower rice yields. In addition, Vietnam's independent scientific research and development technology is relatively weak, many pesticide products mainly rely on imports, higher prices, therefore, once suffered a large area of rice pest invasion, must have spent a rescue fee, which will It will lead to higher prices of rice in the market, thus making exports difficult. Second, low agricultural technology. On the one hand, the study of the performance of hybrid rice seeds. Although the Vietnamese government independent research of hybrid rice for more than ten years of history, but most still in a trial stage, with respect to the United States, two big countries came, hybrid rice technology in Vietnam

Kết quả (Anh) 3:

Chapter 1 Introduction

1.1 research background
as well as Vietnam rich rice. And in recent years, some of the world's countries or regions local wars or population growth caused the increased demand for food, resulting in world food prices have a corresponding increase, which greatly inspired the enthusiasm of the Vietnamese people grow rice, companies are willing to pay for investment capital rice exports. Therefore, in recent years, the Vietnamese government in ensuring the supply of domestic rice, while some countries and regions of the rice exports to the world, to earn a lot of foreign exchange income. China is still the first importer of rice in Vietnam.According to the national grain and oil information center, the news that Vietnam's exports of rice every year, about 70% of exports to China. Nevertheless, Vietnam rice exports are also facing severe challenges. The challenge on the one hand from the Vietnam itself, such as Vietnamese rice production mainly rely on family farming, production technology is relatively backward, resulting in not on a large scale, operation; challenge, on the other hand, from the competition for food exporters such as Thailand, India and Pakistan, they also will fight in the grain market share a cup of a thick soup. Therefore, the Vietnamese rice exports to China how to maintain the advantage, is the Vietnamese government to think about the problem.
In recent years, the railway transportation of China has been greatly developed.. From the ordinary train to now 200 kilometers per hour EMU, China's railway development exceptionally violent, has formed a "five vertical and seven horizontal" the railway transportation network, and the gradual implementation of sub line passenger and freight transport. The development of railway, to accelerate the national population, material transportation speed and achieve Zhaofaxizhi, for example, northeast rice today has just finished harvesting, tomorrow is in the South China market. Therefore, in the era of Chinese railway, Vietnam rice both ushered in the opportunity, but also facing fierce competition challenges.
1.2 purpose and significance of researchThere are a lot of articles on the production and export of rice in Vietnam, but the special research on the advantages and disadvantages, opportunities and challenges of the rice exports to China are few.. Vietnam rice to increase exports, must be adapted to the needs of China's economic development market. Therefore, this paper, through analysis of the situation of Vietnamese rice production and export, further elaborated the export situation in China, and discusses the advantages of Vietnam export market of China, disadvantages, opportunities and challenges, finally in the production plant, logistics transportation, national policy and trade policy on Vietnamese rice export market of China recommendations. In short,According to the analysis of the Vietnamese rice export market of China as the core, one is to complement the theory to study the problem, second, provide a reference for the Vietnamese rice merchants of rice exports, also for the Chinese businessmen understand Vietnamese rice production and export to provide reference.

1.3 contents
the research content is Vietnamese rice exports to China, mainly divided into the following four parts:
first part is analysis of the status quo of Vietnamese rice production and export, which, through the simple description of production area, production area and yield to understand Vietnamese rice production situation; in the export situation.The paper also focuses on the crushing rate of rice exports in Vietnam. The second part is the analysis of the status of Vietnam rice exports to China. Mainly through the way of the chart, to analyze the export of rice in recent years and the export of rice and the amount of China, so as to see the trade status of the rice.
the third part is the detailed analysis of Vietnamese rice exports to China the advantage, weakness, opportunity and challenge: the main advantage is to Vietnam has superior natural conditions, traditional farming techniques and hard-working style, export transportation cost is low and the Vietnamese government at enacted to facilitate rice production and export policy; disadvantage is less arable land per capita,Rice production technology and low export quality is not high; the opportunity is China - ASEAN Free Trade Area Development of it, China's support for the countries of Southeast Asia Fund and China Stone developed traffic network; threat is from Thailand rice producing countries challenge, Vietnam domestic rice for planting area reduced. This is the focus of the article.. The fourth part is to put forward strategic comments to Vietnam rice export Chinese market. In production to planting improved varieties and reduce the rate of broken rice; in logistics and transport, the government should strengthen the construction of the expressway and railway, enterprises should establish modern logistics, warehousing and other; on trade policy and trade policy.The government should strengthen the support for rice export enterprises, and use of products, prices and other strategies to improve the export of rice, etc..
1.4 research method
the article is through the literature research method and the quantitative research and the qualitative research unifies the method to carry on. Vietnamese rice production and export. There are a lot of literature description, the read in full on the basis of the literature, through quantitative and qualitative research, point out Vietnamese rice in new period production and export of the status quo, analysis of the situation of Vietnamese rice exports to China. Finally, it puts forward strategies and suggestions. The second chapter







production situation of rice production and export situation of Vietnam Vietnam rice

2.1In the production area, Vietnamese rice production mainly concentrated in the plains of the Red River and the Mekong River Plain, both by alluvial rivers and fertile soil, irrigation water rich. The Mekong River Plain is known as the "granary" of Vietnam and is one of the Southeast Asia "granary", rice production accounted for more than half of Vietnam rice production. Red River Plains is considered for Vietnamese rice producing areas of focus and a long history of cultivation, in addition to the superior natural conditions and can be capital of Hanoi center drive, is indeed ideally geographical advantage. In 2008, the planting area of rice is about 7000000 hectares.,