METHODOLOGY SampleNatural groups of rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) and Hanuman langurs (Semnopithecus entellus) living in the city of Shimla (see Ross et al. 1993) were selected to study agonistic inter- actions with the humans in two habitats, temple and bazaar. Four temple groups of monkeys, 2 rhesus (Jakhu Temple Monkey JTM, Jakhu Oakwood Monkey JOM) and 2 langur (Jakhu IGMC Langur JIL, Jakhu Shivalik Langur JSL) lived in the Jakhu temple area and four groups of monkeys, 2 rhesus (Summer Hill Monkey SHM, Advanced Studies Monkey ASM) and 2 langur (Advanced Studies Langur ASL, Boileuganj Langur BGL) lived in the bazaar area (Summer Hill area). The data on group size and group composition of eight groups of monkeys are given in table 1. The factorial design was employed to see the effects of habitat, species and season on the agonistic interactions. There were 2 levels of habitat (temple and bazaar), 2 levels of species (rhesus and langur), and 4 lev- els of season (summer, fall, winter, spring) fol- lowing Pirta (1990). There were two groups of monkeys in each cell and the last factor (season) had repeated measures as same groups were ob- served in all the four seasons.
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